What Causes Dandruff?

In this article, we’ll explore what causes dandruff and the common factors that can make it worse. We’ll look at the symptoms, possible triggers and how to manage them effectively. We’ll also discuss when you might need to see a doctor if you’re concerned about persistent or severe dandruff. If you’re looking for ways to reduce flakes and soothe your scalp, this guide will help you understand your options.

Key Takeaways

Here are the five biggest takeaways from this article about the causes of dandruff:

• Dandruff is primarily caused by Malassezia globosa, a naturally occurring fungus that lives on the scalp and breaks down oils.

• When the scalp sheds skin cells too quickly, they clump together, forming visible flakes and increasing scalp sensitivity.

• Some people react to oleic acid, a byproduct of Malassezia globosa, leading to inflammation, irritation and excessive flaking.

• Dry skin, seborrhoeic dermatitis, stress and hormonal changes can all influence oil production and scalp health.

• If dandruff doesn’t improve with over-the-counter treatments, causes redness, itching, or hair loss, a doctor or dermatologist can recommend specialised treatments.

What causes dandruff?

Dandruff is caused by a variety of factors, including skin conditions, sensitivities, and lifestyle habits. Understanding what is causing your dandruff can help you to effectively treat the condition, as well as prevent future issues. Below are some of the most common causes of dandruff in the UK:

Malassezia Globosa

Dandruff is actually caused by a microbe called Malassezia globosa. This yeast-like fungus is completely natural and lives on nearly everyone’s scalp. While it’s harmless for most people, it can trigger dandruff in some by breaking down the natural oils on the scalp into irritating substances. This irritation leads to an increased turnover of skin cells, causing the flakes and itchiness associated with dandruff. Malassezia globosa isn’t just linked to dandruff, it’s also been found to contribute to other skin conditions.

Accelerated skin cell shedding

Dandruff occurs when the natural process of skin cell renewal on the scalp speeds up. Normally, skin cells are replaced gradually and shed without being noticed. However, when this process accelerates, dead skin cells start to clump together and become visible as flakes. This rapid shedding can also lead to itchiness and sensitivity, making dandruff more noticeable and uncomfortable.

Oleic Acid Sensitivity

Some people are sensitive to oleic acid, a substance produced when Malassezia globosa breaks down natural scalp oils. This sensitivity can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to irritation, itching and an increased turnover of skin cells. This causes dead skin to build up and shed more quickly, causing dandruff. If your scalp is particularly sensitive to oleic acid, you may be more prone to persistent dandruff and discomfort.

Dry skin

If your scalp is dry, it may not produce enough natural oils to keep the skin hydrated. This can lead to flaking, which often appears as small, white dandruff flakes. Dry skin-related dandruff is more common in colder weather or if you frequently use hot water when washing your hair, as both can strip moisture from the scalp.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a common skin condition that affects areas with a high concentration of oil glands, including the scalp. It is caused by an overreaction to Malassezia globosa and results in redness, irritation and greasy, yellowish flakes. This type of dandruff tends to be more persistent and may require medicated treatments to manage.

Stress

Stress doesn’t directly cause dandruff, but it can weaken the immune system, making your scalp more sensitive to irritation. High-stress levels may also lead to increased oil production, creating an environment where Malassezia globosa thrives. This can trigger inflammation, itching and an increase in skin cell turnover, leading to dandruff.

Hormonal changes

Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect oil production in the scalp. An increase in oil can contribute to the overgrowth of Malassezia globosa, which breaks down scalp oils into irritants like oleic acid. This can lead to dandruff, particularly in people with sensitive scalps.

When should I see my doctor if I'm concerned about dandruff?

You should see a doctor if your dandruff is persistent, severe, or not improving with over-the-counter treatments. It’s also important to seek medical advice if:

• Your scalp is red, swollen, or painful.

• You experience intense itching that disrupts your daily life.

• You have thick, scaly patches on your scalp, face, or other areas.

• Your dandruff is accompanied by significant hair loss.

• You notice yellow or greasy flakes.

A doctor or dermatologist can assess your symptoms and recommend suitable treatments, such as medicated shampoos and creams.

Final Thoughts

Dandruff is a common condition with several possible causes, including Malassezia globosa, skin sensitivities and lifestyle factors. While it is usually harmless, it can be uncomfortable and persistent for some people. Identifying the cause of your dandruff can help you find the right treatment, whether that involves adjusting your hair-washing routine, using medicated shampoos, or managing stress levels. If your dandruff is severe, persistent, or causing other symptoms like redness or hair loss, it’s best to speak to a doctor for further advice.

Further Reading

What Causes Dandruff? Common Triggers and Solutions | Head&Shoulders UK